January - March 2024, Volume 20, Issue 1

Nanu M, Delia CE, Toma GM, Ardeleanu I, Nanu I, Stemate M, Nuta D, Gheorghiu ML

Iodine Status in Romania after 20 Years of Mandatory Salt Iodization: Discordant Results in Schoolchildren and Neonates

Acta Endo (Buc) 2024, 20 (1): 80-89
doi: 10.4183/aeb.2024.80

Objective. To monitor the iodine status in Romanian schoolchildren and neonates after 20 years of mandatory salt iodization. Subjects and methods. In a national representative sample of 1352 children (7-12 years) we measured median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) and creatinine (UCC) in spot urine samples and investigated household use of iodized salt. From 18349 neonates registered in the MEDILOG program for TSH screening we calculated the percentage of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L (<3% indicating adequate iodine intake). Results. mUIC in schoolchildren was 141 μg/L (bootstrapped 95% CI 134, 146), showing adequate iodine intake in all but 1 county; mUIC was similar in historical endemic and non-endemic counties (140 μg/L and 143 ug/L, respectively) and in urban and rural areas (140 μg/L and 142 μg/L, respectively); mUIC/UCC = 118 ug/g. Iodized salt was used in 62% of households. In children using iodized salt (61.7%), mUIC was higher than in those using coarse (non-iodized) salt (24.6%): 150 vs. 121 μg/L (p<0.001). The percentage of nTSH >5 mIU/L was 14.7% (3.2%-27.3%), higher in non-endemic counties and urban areas. Conclusion. The current salt iodization program for households and bakery industry ensures an adequate iodine intake in schoolchildren. Discordantly, nTSH levels indicate a mild-moderate ID in neonates, suggesting ID in pregnant women. The percentage of households using iodized salt is below the recommended >90% needed for an efficient ID prevention program. More efforts should be directed to increase the public awareness on the health risks of ID and the benefits of ID prevention, notably for the neurointellectual development in children.

Keywords: iodine deficiency, urinary iodine concentration, neonatal TSH, screening, salt iodization, iodized salt.

Correspondence: Daniela Nuta, MD, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Dept. of Hygiene and Nutrition, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, National Institute of Public Heath, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 020956 Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: nicunuta@yahoo.com