ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUC)

Context. Oxidative products take part in various physiological processes and overproduction of oxidative products is involved in the etiology of many diseases. Objectives. We aimed to evaluate thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH); one of the oxidative stress parameters, in girls with premature thelarche (PT) and precocious puberty (PP). Design. This case-control study was conducted between January 2022 and July 2022. Subjects and Methods. TDH parameters, involving native thiol (NT), disulfide, and total thiol (TT), were evaluated in 39 girls with PT, 41 girls with PP and 46 healthy prepubertal girls. The correlations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) levels with the TDH parameters were determined and ROC curve analysis was performed. Results. NT, TT and NT/TT ratio were higher in the PT and PP groups compared to the control group (p<0.01). Disulfide/NT ratio and disulfide/TT ratio were lower in the PT and PP groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). All the TDH values did not statistically differ between the PP and PT group (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between LH level, FSH level, and NT level, TT level, NT/ TT ratio. The best parameter to discriminate PT or PT and control groups were NT and TT (p<0.01). Conclusion. TDH is altered in girls with PT and PP. NT and TT levels can be useful to discriminate prepubertal girls with lipomastia and girls with PP and PT in clinical practice. Further studies on larger cohorts of patients are required to clarify our results.

Context. Acromegaly is a rare and serious syndrome and commonly associated with pituitary neoplasm. Classic cause of acromegaly in adults is the tumors of the somatotrophs that secrete growth hormone. Cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver disease and commonly a cause of death. It is\r\ncharacterized by diffuse hepatic fibrosis resulting in altered construction of the lobular parenchyma with widespread connective tissue septae, circumscribed\r\nregenerative nodules of hepatocytes and anastomoses between vascular channels linking portal and central vessels.\r\nObjective. To report the simultaneous cases of acromegaly and cirrhosis.\r\nCase report. A 62-year old, male patient came to the hospital complaining of severe abdominal swelling. Laboratory and imaging findings were compatible with the\r\npresence of hepatitis B virus related cirrhosis together with acromegaly. In this case, he had high GH level but lower IGF-1 level because of hepatic failure which can\r\nimpair IGF-1 production by the liver. Definitive diagnosis was made by pituitary MR and a 1 cm in diameter tumor was\r\ndetected.\r\nConclusion. This paper showed that cirrhosis can result in a low IGF-I level in patients with acromegaly. There is no\r\nprevious report available of the in the presence of coincidental combination of acromegaly and cirrhosis in a patient.

About 250 patients with acquired partial lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons) syndrome have been reported so far. It is characterized by the loss of adipose tissue from the face and upper extremities, and accumulated fat in the rest of the body. The disease usually starts in females during childhood or adolescence, and usually after a febrile illness. Fat loss often comes into view in months or years. We present a 23-year-old female patient with acquired partial lipodystrophy , which is rarely seen.

Objective. To determine the prevalence of overtreatment and hypoglycemia in Turkish type-2 diabetes patients and to identify the risk factors. Methods. Patients ≥ 65 years, having a minimum 5 years of type-2 diabetes, were included in the study. Patients’ body mass index, mean HbA1c level, disease onset and medications related with their co-morbidities were recorded. Over-treatment is defined as the use of non-metformin therapies despite having HbA1c levels < 7%. A history of hypoglycemia episodes in the last three months and patients’ home blood glucose measurements were recorded. Factors relating to hypoglycemia and over-treatment were analyzed. Results. After applying criteria, 755 patients were included in the study: 728 patients (96.4%) had at least one comorbidity. 257 patients (34%) were found to have HbA1c levels < 7%. 217 of them (84.4%) were using non-metformin therapies. 497 patients (65.8%) were using insulin. The overtreatment prevalence in the ≥ 65 years group was 28.7%. The over-treatment ratio in ≥ 80 years group was 28.2%. Hypoglycemia prevalence in the last three months was 23.3%. It was 22.7% for patients ≥ 80 years. Mean age, disease duration, body mass index, insulin usage and doses were found to be significantly different in over-treated patients compared to the others. Conclusions. This study showed that despite recent guidelines, there is still a considerable amount of overtreated geriatric patients who are at risk of hypoglycemia and related morbidity and mortality. Insulinization rate was high. Physicians should not avoid de-intensifying the treatment of geriatric patients who have multiple co-morbidities.

Objective. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet function analysis have been studied before in acromegaly, but the effect of treatment on both parameters has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate MPV and platelet function analysis in acromegalic patients after sixmonths of treatment. Methods. Forty patients with active acromegaly and 36 healthy subjects were included in the study. Plasma glucose and lipids, fibrinogen, GH, IGF-1 levels, MPV and platelet function analysis were measured. All patients with acromegaly were re-evaluated six months after treatment. Results. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), GH, IGF- 1, fibrinogen levels and MPV values were significantly higher in acromegalic group compared with the control. Platelet function was enhanced significantly (pcol-ADP: 0.002, pcolepinephrine: 0.002). After 6 months of treatment FBG, serum GH, IGF-1, fibrinogen and MPV decreased and collagen/ADP- and collagen/epinephrine-closure times (CT) were increased. Acromegalic patients that were in remission with long-acting SSA after surgery had significantly higher fibrinogen levels and MPV and decreased collagen/ epinephrine-CT with respect to the controls (pfibrinogen: 0.001, pMPV: 0.026, pcol-epinephrine: 0.037). Conclusion. Acromegaly was associated with increased MPV and enhanced platelet activity. Although growth hormone hypersecretion was controlled by surgery and medical treatment, these parameters did not improve – indicating a still increased risk for cardiovascular events.

Background. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced cancers. Antibodies directed against programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) interrupt the ability of the cancerous cell to depress the immune system. Methods and results. We report three patients who developed different endocrine abnormalities after treatment with nivolumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against PD-1. First, we report a 76-year-old male presenting with generalized fat loss after treatment with nivolumab which predominantly affected his face and trunk. Second, we described the development of thyroiditis that presented with thyrotoxicosis and the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). Finally, we observed the emergence of adrenal insufficiency due to hypophysitis in another case. Conclusion. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are an effective anticancer treatment modality, adverse effects are evident that can affect the endocrine system. These adverse events may relate to different endocrine systems that include the thyroid and pituitary glands. Also, acquired generalized lipodystrophy should be suspected in patients developing unusual fat loss after treatment with ICIs.