ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUC)

Context. Urolithiasis and obesity are now public health problems with an increased incidence worldwide. Management of urolithiasis in patients with morbid obesity is usually associated with higher morbidity and mortality compared to non-obese patients. ESWL is a nonsurgical procedure for the treatment of lithiasis. In obese patients the ESWL efficacy is influenced by the skin-to-stone distance or poorer detection of the calculus because of the fatty tissue. Objective. To highlight the overweight or obese lithiasic patient profile that could be best treated by ESWL. Subjects and Methods. We evaluated ESWL results in 1393 patients with kidney or ureteral stones between 5 and 20 mm. They were divided into 4 groups according to the BMI: Group A-overweight (BMI=25-30 kg/ m2); Group B-grade I obesity (BMI=30-35 kg/m2); Group C-grade II obesity (BMI=35-40 kg/m2) and a control group of normal weight (BMI=18-25 kg/m2). Results. Patients with a higher BMI required a greater number of ESWL sessions. A statistically significant greater number of patients with a waist circumference of >102 cm required more than 2 SWL sessions (p=0.007). Location of the stones in the pelvic ureter had the highest rate of success for obese patients (p=0.00001). The ESWL success rate in overweight and obese patients can be negatively influenced by BMI, abdominal circumference over 102 cm, and hardness of calculi reflected in the radiopacity on KUB. Conclusions. In patients with grade II obesity, pyelocaliceal calculus and increased hardness, other urological alternatives to lithiasis should be considered from the beginning.

Background. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a risk factor for nephrolithiasis. Both renal stones and hypercalciuria are associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD), but the relationship between these modifications is not completely understood. Aims. To evaluate some metabolic particularities possibly related to relapsing nephrolithiasis (RN) in young male patients. Methods. We performed a crosssectional study including a group of 30 young male patients with RN and a group of 30 healthy, age and BMI (body mass index) matched controls (CTR). We evaluated calcium and phosphate metabolism, bone remodeling markers alkaline phosphatase (AP) and osteocalcin in serum and 24-hour urine samples, and lumbar and hip BMD. Results. We observed higher values of serum calcium (P<0.05) and 24 hour urinary calcium (P<0.001) in the RN group. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and AP were also higher in the RN group (P<0.01), whereas serum 25OH-D3 was lower (P<0.01). BMD, T and Z scores were lower in the RN group in both the lumbar (P<0.01) and hip (P<0.05) regions. Conclusions. Young male patients with hypercalciuric RN have lower BMD and higher bone turnover. Higher PTH levels related to vitamin D deficiency may contribute to bone demineralization in certain cases.

Context. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice. The increasing evidence supports links between inflammation and AF. There is evidence showing that obesity is a major cause of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. Ghrelin (GHRL), through its growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) present on adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), could modulate AT inflammation. Objective. Our study aimed to evaluate the role of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and their GHS-R in adipose tissue samples of right atrial appendages (RAA) biopsies. Subjects and Method. We obtained RAA biopsies from 10 obese patients, undergoing cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and developing postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). The epicardial tissue samples were examined using immunohistochemistry to visualize and quantify CD68 and GSH-R expression of the ATMs. Results. Histologically, the mean adipocyte diameter (MAD) of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) was larger in EAT samples with inflammation as compared to EAT without inflammation (84.2 μm vs. 79.6 μm). The expression of CD68 was lower in EAT without inflammation as compared to EAT with inflammation in adipose tissue samples. Similarly, the expression of GSH-R was lower in EAT samples without inflammation as compared to EAT samples with inflammation in adipose tissue. Conclusions. Increased epicardial fat area, macrophage infiltration, and GHS-R expression in epicardial ATMs appeared to be associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation in obese patients.