ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUC)

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out on 1290 patients, whose choroids plexus and pineal gland were examined on computed tomography. Aim: To check the correspondence between the choroid plexuses and the pineal gland calcifications along age groups and sex; and the connections between these calcifications and associated pathology.\r\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of patients of both sexes, within six age intervals.\r\nRESULTS: In order to classify the calcification variants, eight types of combinations were ordered and can be seen in CT: two refer to extreme variants: totally uncalcified (type 1) and totally calcified (type 8); bilateral, symmetrical variants (types 4 and 5); the other four types include the asymmetrical calcifications (2, 3, 6 and 7). After the anthropological study the results demonstrate that there are significant differences between calcification of the choroids plexus and those of the pineal gland with the two sexes, on age groups and pathological ground. For type 1-totally uncalcified the maximum frequency is around 70% with ages under 19. For type 8 - totally calcified, bilateral, the maximum frequency is around 50% with age groups 48-59 and 60-71. For type 4 - calcification only of choroid plexus, one finds a continuous increase from about 10% at the first age group to about 25% at the last group, while for type 5- calcification only of the pineal gland the frequency is 10%−20%. We started from the hypothesis that the presence of these calcifications is physiological, and has an active adaptative metabolic part depending on many factors, among which the individual constitutional ground is also present.\r\nCONCLUSIONS: The age is not the main cause of the calcification types, but a process of adaptative-reactive variability of interface type, playing an integrating mediating part.

At least one fifth of pituitary adenomas exhibit plurihormonality when using immunohistochemistry for anterior pituitary hormones. However, the correlation with clinical features is weak, without an agreement upon pathological predictors of tumor behavior. The aim was to determine the immunoreactivity for anterior pituitary hormones and alpha subunit in 276 consecutive pituitary adenomas patients, aged 22-79 years (44.3 ? 8), 154 F/ 122 M: 83 acromegalics (ACM), 173 nonfunctioning adenomas (NFA) and 20 prolactinomas (PRM) submitted to surgery via transfrontal (81) or transsphenoidal (195) along 10 years (1995-2005). In addition, clinical data, hormonal secretion and tumour size were evaluated before pituitary surgery. Local ethical committee approved the study design. The immunoreactivity performed by the avidin-biotin-complex method was evaluated for beta FSH, LH, TSH, alpha subunit, PRL and GH, using a semiquantitative scale of stained cells: strong (>20%), positive (10-20%), weak (5-10%) and negative (<5%). CT or MRI tumor size (less than 1 cm, 1-2 cm, 2-4 cm and over 4 cm on maximal diameter) were considered together with the Hardy neuroradiological stage. The results showed that 16/83 ACM, 53/173 NFA and 4/20 PRM exhibited immunoreactivity for beta FSH and LH. TSH immunoreactivity was positive in 13/83 ACM, 11/173 NFA and 1/20 PRM. Tumor size in gonadotrophin - positive group (> 10% of stained cells) was between 1-2 cm in 6 ACM, 21 NFA and 2 PRM, while positive bigger tumors (2-4 cm) were in 7 ACM, 24 NFA and 2 PRM. Giant, over 4 cm tumors were positive in 3 ACM, 8 NFA and no PRM. A similar trend of the tumor size distribution was observed in the monohormonal or null cell adenomas. In conclusion, tumor size and gonadotrophin plurihormonality are independent factors in the management of pituitary adenomas.

Purpose. Minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinomas (MIFCs) are uncommon; literature offers limited guidance on their natural history and management. Starting January 2015 we measured circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with MIFC (n=22) or benign thyroid tumors with follicular features (n=4). Methods. In a retrospective analysis, we assessed detectability of and serial changes in CTC, compared demographic/clinical differences between CTC-positive versus CTC-negative subgroups using Student’s t-test, and examined correlations between CTC status and serum thyroglobulin using Spearman’s test. CTCs were quantitated via immunomagnetic separation/microscopic inspection. Results. Thirteen patients (50%: 12/22 MIFC, 1/4 benign tumor) were initially CTC-positive; 3 remained CTC-positive in ≥1 subsequent measurement. CTC-positive patients had larger tumors and more frequent multifocality and vascular invasion versus CTC-negative patients (n=13). However, no tested variable differed significantly between the subgroups. After 17.2±10.5 months, neither subgroup showed evidence of disease. Significant correlation was absent (p ≥ 0.263) between CTC and Tg negativity (r = 0.243; n=13 evaluable) or initial CTC positivity and Tg positivity (r = -0.418; n=9 evaluable). Conclusions. In the studied settings, CTC measurement is feasible, has unclear clinical/outcome implications, but may provide different information versus thyroglobulin testing. Lengthier assessment is warranted in larger series.

effects of Ultrasonic Coagulation (UC), Bipolar Energy Sealing System (BESS), Intra Operative Nerve Monitoring (IONM) and surgical experience on the complications of thyroid surgery. Method. The data of 1627 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for various indications in our department between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively and the effects of different technological devices on complications were investigated. Results. Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy was higher between 2009 and 2013, when IONM was not in routine use (p=0.029). There were no significant differences between two energy devices (UC and BESS) in terms of transient or permanent RLN palsy, bleeding, and transient or permanent hypocalcemia. Multivariate analysis showed that young age (0.006), female gender (0.016), surgery type (p<0.001), and lateral neck dissection (p=0.026) are independent risk factors for transient hypocalcemia. Conclusion. The results indicate that there is no superior hemostatic device. IONM and specific branching decrease transient RLN palsy. Female gender, young age, completion thyroidectomy, and lateral neck dissection were independent risk factors for the development of transient hypocalcemia.

Context. Oxidative products take part in various physiological processes and overproduction of oxidative products is involved in the etiology of many diseases. Objectives. We aimed to evaluate thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH); one of the oxidative stress parameters, in girls with premature thelarche (PT) and precocious puberty (PP). Design. This case-control study was conducted between January 2022 and July 2022. Subjects and Methods. TDH parameters, involving native thiol (NT), disulfide, and total thiol (TT), were evaluated in 39 girls with PT, 41 girls with PP and 46 healthy prepubertal girls. The correlations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) levels with the TDH parameters were determined and ROC curve analysis was performed. Results. NT, TT and NT/TT ratio were higher in the PT and PP groups compared to the control group (p<0.01). Disulfide/NT ratio and disulfide/TT ratio were lower in the PT and PP groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). All the TDH values did not statistically differ between the PP and PT group (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between LH level, FSH level, and NT level, TT level, NT/ TT ratio. The best parameter to discriminate PT or PT and control groups were NT and TT (p<0.01). Conclusion. TDH is altered in girls with PT and PP. NT and TT levels can be useful to discriminate prepubertal girls with lipomastia and girls with PP and PT in clinical practice. Further studies on larger cohorts of patients are required to clarify our results.

In this study we aimed to evaluate and quantify optic nerve damage caused by long standing compressive pituitary macroadenomas with conventional (ophthalmoscopy) and modern techniques such as fundus camera, confocal scanning laser tomography for quantitative measurements of the thickness of retinal layers as well as visual evoked potentials (VEP) for electrophysiological quantification. Seven patients with large, long standing pituitary macroadenomas were submitted to ophthalmologic evaluation, including a visual field (VF), visual acuity (VA) and eye fundus (F). Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT) was used for retinal thickness and evaluation of nerve fibers loss, and VEP were measured by pattern reversal and flash stimulus. In addition, all patients underwent tumor imaging (MRI/CT) and specific endocrine evaluation. All cases presented with macroadenomas with suprasellar extension and residual or progressive optic chiasma syndrome; all but one (prolactinoma) were nonfunctioning adenomas, after radical treatment (surgery ? radiotherapy). Adrenal and thyroid substitutive treatment was instituted in all cases due to associated pituitary failure. Evaluation of VF showed 9 eyes with temporal hemianopia, 2 with nasal islands of vision and 1 with nasal hemianopia in a homonymous hemianopia case; another case presented for left 3rd nerve palsy due to a cavernous sinus syndrome, therefore the visual field was not measurable in 2 eyes. Visual acuity was very low (counting fingers) in 4 eyes, while in the rest the VA was between 0.5-0.9. The fundus revealed total atrophy in 2 eyes, band atrophy in 4, temporal pallor in 5 and global pallor in 1. Cup/disk ratio in the case with 3rd nerve palsy was 0.5 (RE) and 0.3 (LE). HRT II stereometric analysis of the optic nerve head showed abnormal values, documenting retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss that correlated with fundus appearance and visual field defects. Mean RNFL thickness had abnormal values in 8 eyes (from 0.074 to 0.173 &#956;m), correlated with RNFL cross sectional area in 7 eyes (from 0.362 to 0.846 &#956;m2) and 1 eye with low limit values (1000 &#956;m2). In agreement with these data, VEP&#8211;P100 presented increased latency over 120 ms in 8 eyes, borderline (100-120 ms) in 5 and 97.5 ms in only 1 eye. In conclusion, HRT can document the papilla and nerve fiber layer more objective, permitting quantification of the disc&#8217;s alterations due to compressive pituitary macroadenomas. HRT is useful in quantifying RNFL loss in other conditions than glaucoma, when other optic disc imaging tools are not available.

Introduction. Adiponectin, resistin and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are cytokines expressed in the adipose tissue. Pregnancy is associated with gradually increased maternal\r\nlevels of these molecules, also detected in significant amounts in umbilical cord blood serum samples.\r\nAim, patients and methods. To establish the relationships of maternal and umbilical adiponectin, resistin and OPG levels to both maternal and fetal anthropometric measurements and insulin sensitivity, 28 mother-newborn pairs were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected in a fasting state, after delivery, and serum insulin, C-peptide, sex hormone-binding globulin, adipocytokines, OPG and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were measured.\r\nResults. Compared to maternal values, umbilical serum adiponectin levels were about 3-fold higher; additionally, significantly higher resistin and lower OPG levels were\r\nobserved. Stratification of umbilical and maternal adiponectin levels according to tertiles of birth body weight demonstrated significantly lower maternal adiponectin\r\nlevels by tertiles of neonatal body weight. No relationships were noticed between infant birth weight and maternal or umbilical serum resistin and OPG, respectively. Umbilical resistin was significantly associated to both\r\nmaternal resistin and umbilical adiponectin. Multiple regression analysis showed that maternal BMI, umbilical insulin, C-peptide and resistin explained 71.83% of umbilical serum adiponectin variability. Umbilical resistin was independently predicted by umbilical adiponectin, umbilical C-peptide and maternal BMI, and the model explained 81.49% of umbilical resistin levels.\r\nConclusions. In human, umbilical serum adiponectin and resistin levels are significantly higher compared to adults. These adipokines may mediate the effects of maternal body mass on fetal development. The biology of the\r\nOPG/RANKL cytokine system in fetuses and newborns needs further research.

Purpose. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the circulating miR-132, miR-146a, miR-222, and miR-320 levels are used in the differential diagnosis of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women. Methods. This prospective case-control study included 50 women with PCOS and age- and body mass index- matched 50 healthy controls. The hormone and lipid profiles, levels of microRNAs (miRNAs), and parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were measured. Results. Expression levels of miRNAs were assessed using the two-step quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Circulating miR-132, miR-146a and miR- 222 levels were significantly downregulated in the PCOS group compared with the control group. The miR-320 levels did not differ between the two groups. Free testosterone was negatively correlated with miR-132, miR-146a and miR-222. Insulin was negatively correlated with miR-132 and miR-146a. Conclusions. The results of the study revealed that miRNA expression, may suggest a possible distinction between healthy women and PCOS patients. miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-222 may have key functions in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Aim. The aim of this study is to present the personal experience of the authors regarding the use of positron emission tomography-computer tomography fusion image (PET/CT), with 18Ffluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).\r\nPatients and Methods. Twenty seven cases of DTC admitted and treated in the &#8220;Prof. Ion Chiricu??&#8221; Institute of Oncology Cluj-Napoca (IOCN), performed PET/CT investigation\r\nbetween 2007 and 2009, in DOTE Centre Debrecen (Hungary) and Pozitron Center Oradea (Romania). The patients underwent the surgical intervention and had histology of differentiated carcinoma; they received radioiodine therapy with I-131, had suppression therapy with thyroid hormones and had in the follow-up whole body scans (WBS) with I-131, neck ultrasound and serological determination of thyroglobulin (Tg) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg). All patients were referred to PET/CT after radical treatment, after a negative WBS I-131 and a dynamic increase of the serological level of Tg or anti-Tg, without any clinical signs of\r\nrecurrence and no neck ultrasound pathological findings.\r\nResults. All patients included in this study presented abnormal levels of Tg: between 2.76 ng/ml and 4173 ng/ml, with a median value of 43.15 ng/ml. In 23 cases (85.1%) the PET/CT results revealed the neoplasm recurrence, in 3 cases we obtained true negative results and in 1 case a false negative image; in 2 cases (7.4%) we found a second malignancy. All patients needed to change the treatment strategies.\r\nConclusion. The significant increase of the number of DTC and the more aggressive behaviour of the disease in some situations, determines the existence of a clear strategy of\r\ntreatment and monitoring, where the role of PET/CT is well defined.

Introduction. Primary hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed earlier and more frequently with the introduction of routine serum calcium measurements. In literature, it is shown that mortality and morbidity decrease after parathyroidectomy. In our study, we aimed to determine the effect of parathyroidectomy on oxidative stress. Materials and Methods. The results of 41 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism between March 2018 and end of December 2018 were evaluated prospectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-hydroxy- 2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), parathyroid hormone, calcium and albumin were measured before and after parathyroidectomy. Results. The mean age of the patients in the study was 45 ± 13.1 years (age range: 18-76 years). The female/ male ratio was 32/9. Postoperative values of 8OHdG, MDA and SOD 1 were significantly lower than preoperative values (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative TAC and TBARS values. Conclusion. Oxidative stress decreased in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. Randomized prospective studies are needed to show the relationship between biochemical and clinical parameters in order to see the clinical reflection of the study.