ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUC)

Context. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCC/PGLs) are diagnosed variously with increasing incidence and changing clinical and pathology pattern. Objective. The aim was to further characterize PCC/PGLs in a stable population. Methods. A retrospective, single institution study analysed adrenalectomies for PCC/PGLs between January 2010 - January 2019. Demographics, symptoms, blood pressure, preoperative hormones, imaging, histology, hospital stay, complications and three subgroups [based on the modality of diagnosis - incidentaloma group (IG), genetic group (GG) and symptomatic group (SG)] were noted. Results. 86 patients included IG 51 (59.3%), GG 10 (11.62%) and SG 25 patients (29.06%). Incidence was 5.30 cases/1 million population. 33.34% of the IG had a delayed diagnosis with a mean interval of 22.95 months (4- 120 months). Females presented more often with paroxysmal symptoms (PS) (p=0.011). Patients with PS and classic symptoms were younger (p=0.0087, p=0.0004) and those with PS required more inotropes postoperatively (p=0.014). SG had higher preoperative hormone levels (p=0.0048), larger tumors (p=0.0169) and more likely females. GG are younger compared with those from the IG (p=0.0001) or SG (p= 0.178). Conclusion. Majority of patients had an incidental and delayed diagnosis. If symptomatic, patients are more likely to be young females with higher hormone levels and larger tumors.

Context. The current study aimed to determine association of anti-TPO with LH/FSH in PCOS women. Design. Current case control study included 33 diagnosed PCOS women and 32 age matched healthy women and were analysed for body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA-S), total testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and anti thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO). Data was statistically analysed by Student’s t – test and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results. Of the total PCOS women, 45% were obese and 34.37% had raised anti-TPO. The biochemical profile of obese PCOS women showed significantly raised FBG (p<0.0001), LH (p<0.0001), Testosterone (p<0.0001) and DHEA-S (p=0.0021) as compared to non-obese PCOS women. The LH/FSH ratio was significantly raised in PCOS women as compared to control (p<0.0001). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a significant association of anti-TPO with FBS, testosterone, LH and LH/FSH in obese PCOS and with Testosterone and LH in non-obese PCOS women using SPSS 21. Conclusion. The current study shows a high prevalence of AITD in euthyroid PCOS women and suggests a strong link of euthyroid obese PCOS women to autoimmunity due to the hyper-anderogenism and a higher LH/FSH ratio.

Background The cardiovascular risk in obese patients is very high and is the main cause of mortality and morbidity. While many studies have focused on obese patients who already developed cardiovascular pathologies few tried to address the prevention of atherosclerosis in healthy young adults. Objectives In the present study we assessed the effect of weight loss on atherosclerosis risk factors and on vascular stiffness. While no important clinical events were expected our goal was to show that weight loss in obese patients will lower the vascular risk. Subjects and methods 159 obese patients with no cardiovascular pathology were assigned, for 6 months, to either weight loss program or a weight maintenance recommendation. The intensive care group subjects participated to weekly visits consisting of counseling on hypocaloric diets and physical exercise programs. We have measured BMI, lipid profile, adipokines levels, glycemia as well as markers of arterial stiffness (CAVI, BP, ABI). Results At the study endpoint, we found a clinically and statistically significant (p<0.001) difference between the lipid and the adipokines profiles, and, in univariate analysis, this difference correlates with weight loss: for total cholesterolemia decrease r= 0.63, LDL decrease r= 0.65, HDL increase r= -0.48, adiponectin increase r= -0.59, leptin decrease r=0.6 and also with abdominal circumference decrease. We also found correlation between vascular stiffness parameters (CAVI, diastolic blood pressure) and the adipose tissue loss (r = 0,71; p < 0,001 for CAVI and r = 0,4; p = 0,001 for DBP). Conclusions : We found that using a moderate hypocaloric diet and encouraging physical exercise, even after a short period of time, subjects can lose weight, mainly by losing fat mass. The weight loss improved the lipid and adipokines levels and had reduced vascular stiffness

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic state is a life-threatening emergency manifested by a marked elevation of blood glucose, hyperosmolarity, and little or no ketosis. It most frequently develops in middle-aged or elderly patients, often in the setting of previously mild type 2 diabetes and in the presence of one of the established risk factors (e.g. infection, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction). We present the case of a 48 years old woman with no past history of diabetes who developed hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state after transsphenoidal surgery for a large macroprolactinoma. Despite having symptoms (secondary amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea) for many years the patient only had inconsistent medical follow-up and eventually she developed optic chiasm syndrome. She was referred for pituitary surgery performed by transsphenoidal route. After surgery there was marked improvement of the visual signs but few days after intervention the patient presented with polydipsia, polyuria and paresthesiae. Based on laboratory tests that showed a markedly elevated blood glucose level (1088 mg/dl), hyperosmolarity, no acidosis therefore, a diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state was made. With rehydration and insulinotherapy she recovered and the evolution was favourable over weeks with discontinuation of insulin administration. The patient still had high prolactin level after surgery (3060.3 ng/dl) so we also initiated dopamine agonist bromocriptine treatment. In addition to the well known effects of dopamine agonist upon prolactinoma it also has beneficial effects on glycemic control in diabetics (it reduces insulin resistance, both fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels and HbA1c levels). We discuss the possible explanations of the syndrome and the effects of bromocriptine treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep apnea syndrome is a common manifestation of acromegaly. Although the obstructive type of apnea was thought to be predominant there are some reports suggesting that central apneic episodes show a high rate and are related to abnormalities of central respiratory control.\r\nAIM: The present study determines the presence and severity of central sleep apnea syndrome in patients with acromegaly compared with obese subjects.\r\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: 35 consecutive acromegalic patients (min GH (growth hormone) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 6.6 ng/ml) and 19 obese subjects (BMI=44 kg/m2) were polisomnographically recorded between 10 p.m and 6 a.m. Sleep and respiratory disturbances were manually staged according to standard criteria.\r\nRESULTS: The prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in acromegaly group was 45.7% (16 out of 35 patients). The median of minimum GH level during OGTT was 8.3 ng/ml in apnea group and 5.16 ng/ml in nonapneic group (p>0.05). In acromegaly group with severe sleep apnea syndrome central apnea rate was greater than 10% in 6 out of 7 subjects with REM sleep and in 7 out of 10 with NREM sleep whereas in obesity group this percent was present in 6 out of 18 (REM sleep), respectively 7 out of 19 (NREM sleep).\r\nCONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the high prevalence of sleep apnea in acromegaly. GH serum level is not an indicator for the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Although the total time of central apnea per hour of sleep did not differ between the two groups, the percent (rate) of central apnea was significantly greater in acromegaly group.

The thyroid gland is one of the most vascularized organs in the body. However, metastatic disease to the thyroid gland is rare. When it does occur kidney is the most common primary tumor site, followed by melanoma, lung, breast, esophagus, uterus and colon carcinoma. We describe the case of an isolated thyroid metastasis from clear cell renal carcinoma occurring 16 years after nephrectomy. An 82 years-old woman presented for the recent growth of a right thyroid nodule, diagnosed 3 years before, when a fine needle aspiration biopsy found a benign cytology suggesting a well-differentiated follicular thyroid adenoma. Her medical history included type 2 diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation and a right nephrectomy for a clear cell renal carcinoma done 16 years before. The patient has lost weight but she was otherwise asymptomatic. The right lobe goiter was painless, firm, and mobile with deglutition, without signs of local compression or latero-cervical lymphadenopathy. Thyroid ultrasonography revealed an enlarged (9.9 cm) macronodular right lobe, with multiple cystic areas, with normal left lobe and a thrombus in the right internal jugular vein. Thyroid function tests were normal. The patient was suspected of thyroid carcinoma and underwent a near total thyroidectomy. Histopathological examination revealed a metastasis of clear cell renal carcinoma in the right thyroid gland lobe (8.5/5/5 cm). Further imaging showed no primary tumor or other metastases. Metastatic renal carcinoma to the thyroid should be considered in any patient presenting with a thyroid mass and a medical history of operated renal cell carcinoma, since it can occur up to 25 years after nephrectomy.

Introduction. Surgery for thyroid cancer carries a higher risk of morbidity given the region’s complicated anatomy, the setting of malignancy and extent of the surgery. Aim. To investigate the rate of complications related to the recurrent nerve and parathyroid glands lesions in patients with thyroid carcinoma that undergo thyroid surgery and lymph node dissection. Patients and Methods. The data of 71 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and 19 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection with various associated neck dissection techniques were investigated using appropriate statistical tests. Results. As expected, the rate of recurrent nerve injury observed in the neck dissection group was higher than in the total thyroidectomy group (15.7% vs. 2.8%, p=0.05). As for postoperative hypocalcemia, the rate observed in the neck dissection group, both for postoperative day 1 (p<0.0001) and day 30 (p=0.0003) was higher than in the total thyroidectomy group (68.4% vs. 19.7% postoperative day 1, 31.5% vs. 4.2% postoperative day 30). Conclusions. The risk of morbidity concerning the recurrent nerve injury and postoperative hypoparathyroidism increases with the extent of surgery. Extensive surgery may achieve proper oncologic outcomes but increases the risk of postoperative morbidity and decreases quality of life. In deciding for extensive surgery, both patient and medical team need to understand these risks.

Objective. To monitor the iodine status in Romanian schoolchildren and neonates after 20 years of mandatory salt iodization. Subjects and methods. In a national representative sample of 1352 children (7-12 years) we measured median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) and creatinine (UCC) in spot urine samples and investigated household use of iodized salt. From 18349 neonates registered in the MEDILOG program for TSH screening we calculated the percentage of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L (<3% indicating adequate iodine intake). Results. mUIC in schoolchildren was 141 μg/L (bootstrapped 95% CI 134, 146), showing adequate iodine intake in all but 1 county; mUIC was similar in historical endemic and non-endemic counties (140 μg/L and 143 ug/L, respectively) and in urban and rural areas (140 μg/L and 142 μg/L, respectively); mUIC/UCC = 118 ug/g. Iodized salt was used in 62% of households. In children using iodized salt (61.7%), mUIC was higher than in those using coarse (non-iodized) salt (24.6%): 150 vs. 121 μg/L (p<0.001). The percentage of nTSH >5 mIU/L was 14.7% (3.2%-27.3%), higher in non-endemic counties and urban areas. Conclusion. The current salt iodization program for households and bakery industry ensures an adequate iodine intake in schoolchildren. Discordantly, nTSH levels indicate a mild-moderate ID in neonates, suggesting ID in pregnant women. The percentage of households using iodized salt is below the recommended >90% needed for an efficient ID prevention program. More efforts should be directed to increase the public awareness on the health risks of ID and the benefits of ID prevention, notably for the neurointellectual development in children.

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are considered to have an impact on the function of reproductive axis at different levels as well on reproductive organs in both sexes. Complexity of female reproductive system influenced with various stressors including EDs lead to morphological and functional alterations. This is resulting in modulation of neuroendocrine regulation with consequent developmental irregularities and derangements, causative infertility, endometriosis as well as premature ovarian insufficiency or polycystic ovary syndrome. A number of experimental clues was obtained on female animal models using various EDs such as synthetic estrogens and phytoestrogens, neurotransmitters, pesticides or various chemicals. These substances lead towards consequent derangement of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction from early phases of reproductive development towards different phases of adult reproductive period. This text will address some novel insights into the effects of EDs on neuroendocrine regulation of gonadal axis, effects on ovaries as well on endometrium during implantation period.

Meningiomas are the most common benign tumors of the brain, accounting for about 15 to 20% of all primary brain tumors. They are more common in females than in males and are most likely found in the sixth and seventh decades. Meningiomas arise from leptomeninges. Even the hyperostosis of the overlying skull occurs in 15-20% of cases and most of them have the tendency to calcify. The biological one can find hypercalcemia in a patient with cerebral meningioma, only if it associates other diseases like hyperparathyroidism. Between January 2000 and December 2006, in the Department of Pituitary and Neuroendocrine Pathology of the &#8220;C.I.Parhon&#8221; Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest there have been admitted 29 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 7 males and 22 females. From the 22 women with primary hyperparathyroidism, 3 cases presented multiple endocrine neoplasia type I and 19 sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. In the same period of time we found in 3 of these cases the association between sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism and cerebral meningiomas. We present the cases of three female patients of 56, 55, respectively 58 years old, diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism during the follow-up for nontoxic goiter. Two of them were known with cerebral meningiomas, unsuccessfully surgically approached, while the third one was newly diagnosed with meningioma, based on neuroimaging. There are a couple of studies regarding the association between cerebral meningiomas and the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1), but we found in the literature only three cases of both cerebral meningioma and sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinicians should be aware of the possible association between cerebral meningiomas and primary hyperparathyroidism.